Hamwe n’itegeko ryerekeye kugabanya ifaranga ririmo miliyari 370 z’amadolari muri gahunda z’ikirere n’ingufu, impuguke mu bya politiki ziravuga ko izaguka rikabije mu musaruro w’ingufu zisukuye. Umuyaga wo hanze ni isoko yizewe yo gukura.
Muri iki gihe, muri Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika hari imirima ibiri ikorera mu nyanja hafi ya Rhode Island na Virginia, ifite ingufu za megawatt 42. Ugereranije, ikigo gishya cya Traverse Wind Centre muri Oklahoma gifite turbine 356 na megawatt 998 z'ubushobozi bwo kubyara. Ariko haracyari imishinga myinshi mugutezimbere, cyane cyane kuruhande rwa Atlantike.
Ubuyobozi bwa Biden bwagaragaje uturere tubiri two guteza imbere umuyaga wo mu nyanja mu kigobe cya Mexico kugeza ubu wasobanuwe neza ku bijyanye na peteroli na gaze. Mu rwego rwo guhangana n’ikirere, Perezida Joe Biden yihaye intego yo kohereza gigawatt 30 (megawatt 30.000) z’amashanyarazi y’umuyaga mu nyanja mu 2030 - bihagije kugira ngo amazu miliyoni 10 akoreshe amashanyarazi adafite karubone.
Nka bashakashatsi mu bijyanye n’ingufu muri Texas, turabona ko iki ari icyiciro gishya gishimishije mu gihugu cyacu gikomeje guhindura ingufu zisukuye. Twizera ko ingufu z'umuyaga wo mu nyanja mu kigobe cya Mexico zigaragaza amahirwe adasanzwe kuri kariya karere ka geografiya hamwe n'abakozi bakomeye ndetse n'ibikorwa remezo by'ingufu bifasha mu gukemura ibibazo by'abaturage bakeneye ingufu zizewe kandi nkeya.
Ubushobozi bwashyizweho muri 2021 muri megawatt. (Igishushanyo: Ikiganiro / CC-BY-ND, isoko: Inama ishinzwe ingufu z'umuyaga ku isi)
Kuki tujya hanze? Imbaraga z'umuyaga ku butaka zazamutse cyane muri Amerika mu myaka 15 ishize, harimo no muri Texas, leta nini itanga ingufu z'umuyaga muri iki gihugu. Kugereranya ubworoherane bwo kwemerera no kumenya ingufu z'umuyaga, amafaranga yo kwishyiriraho ahendutse, ibikoresho byinshi, lisansi yubusa, hamwe nigiciro gito cyo gukora kigabanya ibiciro byamashanyarazi kubakoresha. Imbaraga z'umuyaga zirinda umwanda uhumanya ikirere, ibyuka bihumanya ikirere hamwe n’amazi akonje ajyanye n’amashanyarazi akoreshwa ku makara, peteroli cyangwa gaze gasanzwe.
Ariko umuyaga wo hanze nawo ufite ibibi. Ubusanzwe umuyaga uba ufite intege nke mugihe gishyushye cyane mugihe cyizuba iyo konderasi ikora cyane kugirango abantu bakonje. Uturere twinshi twiza twingufu zumuyaga ni kure yikigo gikenera amashanyarazi. Kurugero, imirima myinshi yumuyaga muri leta ya Lone Star iherereye mumisozi miremire yuburengerazuba bwa Texas kandi yubatswe nyuma yuko leta yakoresheje miliyari yubaka imirongo miremire kugirango ibone amashanyarazi aho yari ikenewe.
Benshi mu bahinzi beza b'umuyaga ku nkombe muri Amerika (ahantu h'ubururu bwijimye) ni kure y’abaturage bo ku nkombe, ariko iyi mijyi irashobora gukorerwa n’imirima y’umuyaga yo hanze. (Inkomoko: NREL)
Imirasire y'izuba na batiri birashobora gukemura bimwe muribyo bibazo. Ariko amashanyarazi yo hanze nayo afite inyungu nyinshi.
Nkuko umuyaga wo ku nkombe ugabanya ibiciro byingufu kubakoresha, umuyaga wo ku nyanja uteganijwe kubikora.
Kubera ko kimwe cya kabiri cy’abatuye Amerika baba mu bilometero 50 uvuye ku nkombe, imirima y’umuyaga yo ku nkombe yegereye ibigo bikenera amashanyarazi. Ibi ni ukuri cyane cyane mu kigobe cya Mexico, aho imijyi minini nka Houston na New Orleans iherereye, hamwe n’inganda zikomoka kuri peteroli n’ibyambu. Aho gushyira ibirometero amagana by'insinga zo hejuru hamwe n’ibibazo bivamo inzira-nyabagendwa no gukoresha ubutaka, amasosiyete y’amashanyarazi yashoboraga gukoresha insinga zo mu mazi kugira ngo azane ingufu z’umuyaga mu nganda.
Ni ngombwa kumenya ko umuyaga wo mu nyanja wuzuza umuyaga wubutaka. Ku munsi wizuba ryinshi, umuvuduko wikirere mu burengerazuba bwa Texas watinze kandi umuyaga wo mu nyanja ugenda uzamuka buhoro buhoro, bifasha guhaza icyifuzo cyizuba no kunoza imiyoboro.
Isoko ryisi yose yingufu zumuyaga wo hanze zimaze gukomera, ariko kugeza ubu Amerika yari itabaho. Ubwinshi bwubutaka hano bwatumye ubwiyongere bwingufu zumuyaga kumusozi, ariko byagabanije kwinjiza abantu mumazi.
Ibi birahinduka nkamabwiriza akomeye yo gukumira muri leta nkuru yumuyaga nka Iowa igabanya intera ishobora gushyirwaho, kongera amafaranga yubwubatsi no kugabanya ibibanza byemewe. Imbogamizi zubushobozi bwamashanyarazi yo muri Amerika nabwo biragoye kuzana ingufu zumuyaga kumasoko.
Murakaza neza mu Kigobe, mwese murashima iyi nzira, kandi hamwe no kongera inkunga yingufu zumuyaga wo mumashanyarazi mumategeko agenga ikirere, birasa nkaho ingufu zumuyaga zo muri Amerika ziteganijwe mugihe cyizahabu. Turabona Ikigobe cya Mexico nkahantu heza cyane ho gukorera ubucuruzi.
Ubujyakuzimu bw'inyanja, ubushyuhe bwo hejuru hamwe n'umuhengeri utuje birashobora gucungwa neza ugereranije n'ubukonje kandi bukaze bw'inyanja y'Amajyaruguru, Atlantika y'Amajyaruguru ndetse n'inkombe z'Ubuyapani, aho ingufu z'umuyaga zo mu nyanja zimaze gutangira. Ubujyakuzimu bw'amazi bugera kuri metero 160 - kuri ubu ubujyakuzimu ntarengwa bwa turbine y’umuyaga - bugera ku bilometero 90 ku nkombe y’amajyepfo y’iburasirazuba bwa Texas no ku nkombe y’amajyepfo ya Louisiana, hamwe na Nantucket na Vineyard ya Martha mu majyaruguru y’iburasirazuba nko mu bilometero 40 gusa.
Ubutaka bw’amazi y’inyanja burangwa n’imisozi yoroheje kandi yoroheje kuruta uturere tumaze gutekerezwaho iterambere ku nkombe za Virijiniya. Ibi bivuze ko turbine yumuyaga uhagaze neza irashobora gukoreshwa ahantu henshi kuruta sisitemu yo kureremba, kugabanya ibintu bigoye.
Ni ngombwa kumenya ko Ikigobe cy’Ikigobe gifite inganda zikomeye zo mu nyanja zikorera peteroli na gaze hamwe n’amasosiyete menshi yihariye atanga serivisi nko gusudira mu mazi, guhimba urubuga, hamwe na kajugujugu hamwe n’ubwato bwo gutwara abantu n’ibikoresho mu nyanja. Muri 2019, umusaruro wa peteroli na gaze mu kigobe cya Mexico watanze imirimo igera kuri 345.000.
Imirima yumuyaga mukigobe cyu Buperesi irashobora gukoresha ibikorwa remezo bihari. Hano hari ibirometero bigera ku 1200 by'insinga zo mu mazi zishobora kwimura ingufu z'umuyaga ku nkombe. Imbaraga z'umuyaga zirashobora kandi kwinjizwa muri sisitemu nini yingufu zirimo hydrogène yicyatsi kibisi nububiko, hamwe no gufata karubone.
Gushyigikira Abakozi hamwe nabantu bafite intege nke Turizera kandi ko ingufu z'umuyaga wo ku nyanja zishobora gufasha kugera ku ntego z’ubutabera bushingiye ku bidukikije. Umusaruro w'amashanyarazi asukuye kandi adafite karubone azafasha gusimbuza inganda n’inganda zitunganya kandi zitanga amashanyarazi ava mu bicanwa. Ibi bikoresho byangije cyane ubuzima bwimijyi nka Houston hamwe n’amabara y’amabara muri Amerika.
Iterambere ry’ingufu z’umuyaga mu kigobe naryo ritanga amahirwe yo guhindura abakozi neza kuko Amerika igenda igabanya buhoro buhoro gushingira ku bicanwa by’ibinyabuzima. Louisiana yatangiye gushyiraho amabwiriza y’umuyaga wo mu nyanja mu mazi ya leta kandi arashaka inkunga ya leta hamwe na Arkansas na Oklahoma kugira ngo hashyizweho ikigo cya hydrogène gisukuye mu karere.
Icyatsi bivuze ko umushinga w’ingufu zemewe utinda cyane, kandi imishinga yumuyaga mumazi ya federasiyo ishobora gufata imyaka kugirango irangire. Ariko imishinga yo mumazi ya leta - kugera kuri kilometero 3 nautique uvuye ku nkombe mu bice byinshi na kilometero 9 uvuye ku nkombe muri Texas - irashobora kurangira vuba vuba.
Ahanini biterwa n’uko ibihugu by’ingufu nka Texas na Louisiana bibona umwanya wo kwamamara nkabayobozi bingufu kugeza ingufu zumuyaga wo hanze. Nkuko twabibonye, ingufu z'umuyaga zituruka ku nyanja mu kigobe cy'Ubuperesi zizaba nziza ku karere, igihugu, ndetse n'ikirere ku isi.
Umwanditsi Michael E. Webber ni umwarimu w’ingufu muri kaminuza ya Texas muri Austin, yeguriwe imyaka ijana ya Josie.
Hugh Daigle ni Umwarimu wungirije wa peteroli na Geosystems Engineering muri kaminuza ya Texas muri Austin.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-20-2022
